Where Did They Stay? About Black Boardinghouses
Juliet E.K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship, Volume 1 to 1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
Wendy Gamber, The Boardinghouse in Nineteenth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).
“Lodging, Boarding, and Rooming Houses,” in The Encyclopedia of American Urban History, edited by David Goldfield.
Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).
Wendy Gamber, “Tarnished Labor: The Home, the Market, and the Boardinghouse in Antebellum America,” Journal of the Early Republic 22 (2002): 177-204.
M. Peel, “On the Margins: Lodgers and Boarders in Boston, 1860-1900,” Journal of American History 72 (1986): 813-834.
Wendy Gamber, “Away from Home: Middle-Class Boarders in the Nineteenth-Century City,” Journal of Urban History 31 (2005): 289-305.
Where Did They Stay? Inside the Boardinghouse
[Advertisement], The Liberator (Boston, MA), May 30, 1835. Accessible Archives. The Liberator. Reproduced by permission. www.accessible-archives.com/
“Boarding & Lodging,” Freedom’s Journal (New York), June 13, 1828. Accessible Archives. African American Newspapers: The 19th Century. Reproduced by permission. www.accessible-archives.com/
[Dr. C. I. Mottley; Mrs. John J. Buckner; Ravenna], Cleveland Gazette, February 2, 1895, 3. America’s Historical Newspapers.
“Genteel Private Boardinghouse.” The Liberator, May 30, 1835. Accessible Archives. The Liberator.Reproduced by permission. www.accessible-archives.com/
Suffrage Convention of the Colored Citizens of New York, Troy, Spetember 14, 1858. https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/239
A.B. Frost and A. Lindsay (engraver), “L–Look like I ain’t onderstan’ yer good.” 1889. Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library Digital Collections. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-fbfc-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99”H
Carla Peterson, Doers of the Word: African American Women Speakers and Writes in the North (1839-1880) (New York: Oxford University Press: 1995)
Caroline Still Anderson, [Letter: date unknown] 2-3. Reproduced with permission courtesy of William Still: An African American Abolitionist Collection, Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection, Temple University Libraries, Philadelphia, PA.
George Augustus Sala, “Street scene in Philadelphia.” 1882. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, The New York Public Library. Digital Collections. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-b7a4-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
Historic American Buildings Survey, “Paymaster’s Quarters, Harpers Ferry, Jefferson County, WV.” Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. , http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/wv0161/.
Juliet E.K. Walker, “Boardinghouse Enterprises and Property Ownership,” in The History of Black Businesses in America, 143-146.
Pauline Hopkins, Contending Forces (Boston: The Colored Co-Operative Publishing Co., 1900), 143. Digitized by Google https://books.google.com/books?id=BglFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false.
National Park Service, “Lockwood House,” Harpers Ferry National Historic Park. https://www.nps.gov/hafe/learn/historyculture/lockwood-house.htm.
National Park Service, “The Niagara Movement,” Harpers Ferry National Historic Park. https://www.nps.gov/hafe/learn/historyculture/the-niagara-movement.htm.
W.E.B. Du Bois, [Interior view of room showing furniture, piano, and chandelier], in album (disbound) Negro life in Georgia, U.S.A., v. 3, no. 287, 1899 or 1900. Daniel Murray Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. , https://lccn.loc.gov/99472388.
W.J. Simmons, Men of Mark; Eminent, Progressive, and Rising (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1887).
What Did They Eat? Mrs. Amie Long’s Menu
Psyche Williams-Forson, “What Did They Eat? Where Did They Stay?: Interpreting the Material Culture of Black Women’s Domestic Work and Labor in the Context of the Colored Conventions” forthcoming in The Colored Conventions in the Nineteenth Century and the Digital Age, P. Gabrielle Foreman, Jim Casey and Sarah Patterson, editors.
Barney Launcelot Ford, “Food Service Industry,” in Encyclopedia of African American Businesses Volume 1, edited by Jessie Carney Smith (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 2006), 304-308.
“Albert and Peter Dutrieuille,” in African American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary, edited by John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1993), 225-233.
“Humility of Things”
Daniel Miller, Material Culture and Mass Consumption (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 1987), 107.
Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1985; Ann Arbor, MI: Mpublishing, University of Michigan Library (digital publisher), 182.
Marjorie L. DeVault, Feeding the Family: The Social Organization of Caring as Gendered Work(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991), 12.
Carla Peterson, Doers of the Word: African American Women Speakers and Writes in the North (1839-1880) (New York: Oxford University Press: 1995)
Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (London: Free Association Books, 1989), 64.
Food Procurement
Abby Fisher, What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking (San Francisco: Women’s Co-operative Printing Office, 1881; Reprinted with historical notes by Karen Hess (Applewood Books: Bedford, MA, 1995), 14.
Robert Roberts, “Trimming and Cleaning Lamps” in The House Servant’s Directory (New York: Munroe and Francis, 1827),
Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (London: Free Association Books, 1989), 54, 61, 62.
Cleaning
Pauline Hopkins, Contending Forces (Boston: The Colored Co-Operative Publishing Co., 1900), 143. Digitized by Google https://books.google.com/books?id=BglFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false, 80.
Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982), 61, 154.
Biographies
Beacon Hill Neighborhood
Horton, James Oliver and Horton, Lois E. Black Bostonians; Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North, Revised Edition.New York: Holmes & Meier, 1999.
“Historic Resource Study Boston African American National Historic Site” by Kathryn Grover and Janine V. da Silva.
“Beacon Hill & Bay Village: Exploring Boston’s Neighborhoods”(PDF). City of Boston. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
“Beacon Hill – History”. City of Boston. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Smith Court Residents
Kathryn Grover and Janine V. da Silva, “Historic Resource Study Guide: Boston African American National Historic Sites.”
Donald M. Jacobs ed. Courage and Conscience: Black and White Abolitionists in Boston (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1999).
Dorothy Porter Wesley and Contance Porter Uzelac, ed. William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832-1874 (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 2002), 50-56.
Lewis and Harriet Hayden
Horton, James Oliver and Horton, Lois E. Black Bostonians; Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North, Revised Edition.New York: Holmes & Meier, 1999.
Stanley J. Robboy and Anita W. Robboy, “Lewis Hayden: From Fugitive Slave to Statesman,” The New England Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Dec. 1973), pp. 591–613. Retrieved December 3, 2013
“Hayden, Harriet” by Shirley Yee, Black Past Remembered and Reclaimed: An Online Reference to African American History.
“Hayden, Lewis” by Shirley Yee, Black Past Remembered and Reclaimed: An Online Reference to African American History.
“Historic Resource Study Boston African American National Historic Site” by Kathryn Grover and Janine V. da Silva.
Cleveland
“African Americans,” in The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, https://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=AA.
Russell Howard Davis, Black Americans in Cleveland (1972)
Russell Howard Davis, Memorable Negroes in Cleveland’s Past (1969)
David Gerber, Black Ohio and the Color Line (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976)
James Oliver Horton, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)
Bessie House-Soremekun, Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepreneurship in Cleveland, Ohio (Kent: Kent State University Press, 2002)
The Still Family
Gibson, J[ohn] W. and W[illiam] H. Crogman, The Colored American from Slavery to Honorable Citizenship (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Co., 1902c., 1903), 490-8. African American Biographical Directory.
James P. Boyd, “William Still: His Life and Work to This Time” in Underground Rail Road Records, Revised Edition, With a Life of the Author…” by William Still (Philadelphia: William Still, 1886).
Lurey Khan, William Still and the Underground Railroad: Fugitive Slaves and Family Ties (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, Inc, 2010).
Conclusions
Juliet E.K. Walker, “Boardinghouse Enterprises and Property Ownership,” in The History of Black Businesses in America, 143-146.
Lois Horton, “Community Organization and Social Activism: Black Boston and the Antislavery Movement,” Sociological Inquiry 55.2 (April 1985), 184.
Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. 1920 United States Federal Census. Washington, D.C.: National Archives & Records Administration.
Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. 1930 United States Federal Census. Washington, D.C.: National Archives & Records Administration. JPG.
Shadd Cary, Mary Ann. “A Good Boarding House Greatly Needed by the Colored Citizens.” Editorial. Provincial Freeman [Canada] 6 Dec. 1856: n. pag. Black Studies Center. Web.1 Apr. 2016.
“WILLIAM STILL’S BOARDING HOUSE.” Fredrick Douglass’ Monthly. 17 Sep. 1858, n. ed. n.pag. Online, Black Studies Center.