{"id":6986,"date":"2025-05-14T02:01:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-14T02:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/?page_id=6986"},"modified":"2026-07-23T16:21:09","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T16:21:09","slug":"patterns-black-settlement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/black-life\/patterns-black-settlement\/","title":{"rendered":"Patterns of Black Settlement"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-123143e5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:300px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the state\u2019s hostile policies, Black people migrated into Illinois and worked to make homes in their new surroundings. They concentrated in the southern and western regions of the state, closest to the slave states from which many had emigrated.[1]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Illinois Free Black Settlement in 1850 and Enslaved U.S. Population<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-archivo-font-family wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300\">\u00bb <em>Use the buttons in the lower-left corner to control zoom and to view the map legend and layers. Click the three dots (\u2026) to expand or contract the view of controls.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" title=\"1850 Black Population Free and Enslaved\" src=\"https:\/\/northwestern.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/webappviewer\/index.html?id=e749a2d7ba544b95b17f5c715a88870c\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Interactive map showing patterns of free Black settlement in Illinois in 1850, and the enslaved Black population within the United States in the same year. Data: U.S. Census, IPUMS NHGIS.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-676bb0ec wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:300px\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Early Black migrants often settled near the rivers that defined the state\u2019s borders: the Wabash to the east, the Ohio to the south, and the Mississippi to the west. At first, the state\u2019s largest concentration of African Americans was in far southeastern Gallatin County, near the salt mines of Shawneetown. Enslaved people labored in the salt mines, and until 1825, the mines\u2019 owners were exempt from the state\u2019s constitutional ban on slavery.[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the state\u2019s Black population continued to grow, many migrants arrived from nearby slave states like Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and Virginia (including present-day West Virginia), though some came from as far away as the Carolinas.[3] At first they lived primarily in the state\u2019s southern third, sometimes called \u201cEgypt\u201d because of the name of its major town, Cairo, which stood at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Southern Illinois became home to independent African American settlements such as Brooklyn, right across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, that became refuges for freedom-seekers from the slave states.[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Images of Black Illinois<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The following cities represent places in Illinois with the highest concentrations of African American residents in the nineteenth century. Click through the tabs to see images of each city.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-archivo-font-family wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300\">\u00bb <em>Expand each panel using the toggle on the right side. Click on each image to expand the view. <\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-ff7a29fa wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:2px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-2&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-2\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Jacksonville<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-2\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-676bb0ec wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a95159f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a95159f\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/08\/Illinois-Institution-for-the-Deaf-and-Dumb-Jacksonville-Illinois.jpg\" alt=\"illustration of a series of buildings from bird-eye view\" class=\"wp-image-4196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/08\/Illinois-Institution-for-the-Deaf-and-Dumb-Jacksonville-Illinois.jpg 800w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/08\/Illinois-Institution-for-the-Deaf-and-Dumb-Jacksonville-Illinois-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/08\/Illinois-Institution-for-the-Deaf-and-Dumb-Jacksonville-Illinois-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Illustration of the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, began in 1839. It was later renamed the Illinois School for the Deaf (ISD), and is still in operation today. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclingillinois.org\/items\/show\/15036\">Courtesy of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library &amp; Museum.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a957a31&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a957a31\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"329\" height=\"518\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville.jpg\" alt=\"front of a white church with a bell tower and arch windows\" class=\"wp-image-6508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville.jpg 329w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville-191x300.jpg 191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;The 1836 Trinity Church building features a single bell tower and several archted windows and doorways. Trinity Church, an Episcopal church, began in Jacksonville in 1832.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclingillinois.org\/items\/show\/26747\">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a95d572&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a95d572\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_081_GovYatesResidence.jpg\" alt=\"image showing the front of a residential house\" class=\"wp-image-6519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_081_GovYatesResidence.jpg 800w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_081_GovYatesResidence-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_081_GovYatesResidence-768x525.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Residence of Ex Governor Richard Yates East State St. Jacksonville Ills. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclingillinois.org\/items\/show\/28671\">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-3&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-3\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Quincy<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-3\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-676bb0ec wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a963c46&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a963c46\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2511\" height=\"1593\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W view of Fifth Street in Quincy, Ilinois\" class=\"wp-image-6509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy.jpg 2511w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy-1024x650.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy-768x487.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy-1536x974.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy-2048x1299.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2511px) 100vw, 2511px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Fifth Street, looking North from Maine Street, as it appeared in 1858.  On the left is the East half of Washington Square where the Lincoln-Douglas Debate was held.  Columns on the right are part of the Court House.  Signs visible on the right include Comstock &amp; Co. Stoves, Cincinnati Store, and Wholesale &amp; Retail Groceries.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/qpl\/id\/1137\/rec\/86\">Quincy Public Library<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a969411&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a969411\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"833\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_060_NW4thandMaineQuincy-1850.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W picture of store and post office\" class=\"wp-image-6510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_060_NW4thandMaineQuincy-1850.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_060_NW4thandMaineQuincy-1850-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_060_NW4thandMaineQuincy-1850-768x625.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Tillson &amp; Holmes Store and Post Office, northwest corner 4th &amp; Maine Street.&#8221;  Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/qpl\/id\/75\/rec\/129\">Quincy Public Library<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a96bb32&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a96bb32\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2252\" height=\"1601\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W picture of docked boat\" class=\"wp-image-6521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi.jpg 2252w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi-1024x728.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi-768x546.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi-1536x1092.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi-2048x1456.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2252px) 100vw, 2252px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Docked boat, the St. Louis, along the Mississippi River, 1850-1864, in Quincy, Illinois. Source: <a href=\"\/black-illinois-organizing\/Docked%20Boat%20Along%20Mississippi%20River,%201850-1864\">Quincy Public Library<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-4&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-4-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-4\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Alton<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-4\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-4-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f9b83212 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a973d5a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a973d5a\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"718\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled-1-1024x718.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W sketch of river in Alton\" class=\"wp-image-6511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled-1-1024x718.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled-1-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled-1-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled-1-1536x1077.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled-1-2048x1436.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A sketch of the view of the river in Alton, Illinois, 1836. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/p16614coll61\/id\/1096\/rec\/1\">Hayner Public Library District<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a975b44&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a975b44\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"766\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-1024x766.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W painting of Alton\" class=\"wp-image-6512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-1024x766.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-1536x1148.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-2048x1531.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Old Alton Views &#8211; Alton,&#8221; a painting by J.M. Blair. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/p16614coll61\/id\/1116\/rec\/1\">Hayner Public Library District<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a97fd42&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a97fd42\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-1024x572.png\" alt=\"B&amp;W sketch of Union Baptist Church\" class=\"wp-image-6522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-1024x572.png 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-1536x858.png 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-2048x1144.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Union Baptist Church was founded in 1837 by former slaves and is one of the oldest African American churches in Illinois.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/p16614coll61\/id\/845\/rec\/4\">Hayner Public Library District<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-5&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-5-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-5\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Springfield<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-5\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-5-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-676bb0ec wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a989a65&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a989a65\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"734\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858-1024x734.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W photo of public square in Springfield\" class=\"wp-image-6513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858-768x551.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858-1536x1101.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858.jpg 1826w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;A photograph of the south side of the public square in Springfield taken by photographer Preston Butler,&#8221; 1858. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/lincpubl.ent.sirsi.net\/client\/en_US\/public\/?rm=STREET+SCENES+1%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue\">Lincoln Library<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a997ba3&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a997ba3\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"618\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858-1024x618.jpg\" alt=\"B&amp;W photo of north side of public square\" class=\"wp-image-6514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858-1024x618.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858-768x464.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858-1536x927.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858.jpg 1824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;A photograph of the north side of the public square in Springfield taken by photographer Preston Butler,&#8221; 1858. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/lincpubl.ent.sirsi.net\/client\/en_US\/public\/?rm=STREET+SCENES+1%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue\">Lincoln Library<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a99a976&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a99a976\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default-1024x660.jpg\" alt=\"bird eye view of springfield\" class=\"wp-image-6523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default.jpg 1338w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bird&#8217;s Eye View Map of Springfield, Illinois (1867). Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/73693374\/\">Library of Congress<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-6&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-6-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-6\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Chicago<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-6\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-6-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-676bb0ec wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a9ad17f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a9ad17f\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"856\" height=\"832\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_142_Chicago-1860s.png\" alt=\"photo of Randolph street with buildings in the background and pedestrians in foreground\" class=\"wp-image-6515\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_142_Chicago-1860s.png 856w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_142_Chicago-1860s-300x292.png 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_142_Chicago-1860s-768x746.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photographs of Randolph Street, East from Clark Street, by John Carbutt, 1865\u20131875. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getty.edu\/art\/collection\/objects\/70241\/john-carbutt-randolph-street-east-from-clark-chicago-american-1865-1875\/?dz=0.3025,0.3025,0.30\">J. Paul Getty Museum<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a9bec83&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a9bec83\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"844\" height=\"506\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/birdseyechicago.png\" alt=\"bird eye view lithograph of Chicago\" class=\"wp-image-6524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/birdseyechicago.png 844w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/birdseyechicago-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/birdseyechicago-768x460.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bird&#8217;s eye view of Chicago. &#8220;This large and magnificent lithograph of Chicago in 1857 by Christian Inger is based on a drawing by I.T. Palmatary and was published by Braunhold &amp; Sonne.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org\/pages\/10603.html\">Chicago History Museum<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aebf7a9c787f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aebf7a9c787f\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"605\" fetchpriority=\"low\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s-1024x605.png\" alt=\"Color landscape view of Lake Street of buildings in background and pedestrians and horse carriages in foreground\" class=\"wp-image-6525\" srcset=\"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s-1024x605.png 1024w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s-768x454.png 768w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s-1536x908.png 1536w, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s.png 1680w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Chicago&#8217;s swampy setting led to its literally raising itself out of the mud. Several buildings were not only lifted but also moved to different locations. In this view of Lake Street in 1857, the work goes on in the background, while the cosmopolitan Chicagoans on horseback, in carriages, or on foot seem to pay little mind.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org\/pages\/3292.html\">Chicago History Museum<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-676bb0ec wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:300px\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1840s and 1850s the state\u2019s Black population remained small, both relative to the white population and compared with the other northern border states of Indiana and Ohio. In 1850, the U.S. Census counted 5,436 Black people in Illinois, just 0.6% of the total. In comparison, the Black population of Indiana was more than twice as large, at 11,262, while in Ohio it was even larger, at 25,279. In both of those states, African Americans were about 1% of the population.[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While many Black Illinoisans were farmers living in rural areas, some gathered in cities and towns. In 1850, five towns had populations of one hundred or more African Americans: Springfield, Alton, Jacksonville, Quincy, and Chicago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Statistics alone, however, tell us little about the lives people led and the communities they constructed with family members, friends, and neighbors. Black Illinoisans built institutions, started families, and cultivated ties to the land, laying the foundation for a movement for racial justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Charles R. Foy and Michael I. Bradley, \u201cThe African American Community in Brushy Fork, Illinois, 1818-1861,\u201d <em>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society <\/em>112, no. 2 (Summer, 2019), 130.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Foy and Bradley, \u201cAfrican American Community in Brushy Fork,\u201d 131; Jacqueline Yvonne Blackmore, \u201cAfrican Americans and Race Relations in Gallatin County, Illinois from the Eighteenth Century to 1870\u201d (PhD diss., Northern Illinois University, 1996), 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. James Gregory, <em>America\u2019s Great Migrations Project<\/em>, accessed Aug. 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/moving1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/moving1\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Foy and Bradley, \u201cAfrican American Community,\u201d 131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Cheryl Janifer LaRoche, <em>Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance <\/em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 21-56.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. J. D. B. DeBow, <em>Statistical View of the United States, <\/em>4 (Washington: B. Tucker, 1854), 63, accessed Aug. 24, 2021,<a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/m\/moa\/AJB5449.0001.001\/63?rgn=full+text;view=image\"> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/name.umdl.umich.edu\/ajb5449.0001.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/m\/moa\/AJB5449.0001.001\/63?rgn=full+text;view=image.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Credits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Written by Emiliano Aguilar; assistance with graphics and layout by Mikala Stokes. Edited by Kate Masur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Despite the state\u2019s hostile policies, Black people migrated into Illinois and worked to make homes in their new surroundings. They concentrated in the southern and western regions of the state, closest to the slave states from which many had emigrated.[1] Illinois Free Black Settlement in 1850 and Enslaved U.S. Population \u00bb Use the buttons in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6829,"parent":6982,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6986","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6986"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6986\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7480,"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6986\/revisions\/7480"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6982"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}